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Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. To address this problem, the Berlin Group launched the ERIDANE Project to propose 'a new functional and security framework for smart-card based Point of Interaction (POI) equipment'. Īnother problem is the lack of standards for functionality and security. Earlier, such information was used in the investigation of the Myyrmanni bombing.

In Finland, for example, the Data Protection Ombudsman prohibited the transport operator Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council (YTV) from collecting such information, despite YTV's argument that the card owner has the right to a list of trips paid with the card. However, these present a privacy risk because they allow the mass transit operator (and the government) to track an individual's movement. Examples include Singapore's CEPAS, Ontario's Presto card, Hong Kong's Octopus Card, London's Oyster Card, Ireland's Leap card, Brussels' MoBIB, Québec's OPUS card, San Francisco's Clipper card, Auckland's AT Hop, Brisbane's go card, Perth's SmartRider, Sydney's Opal card and Victoria's myki. Some operators offer points for usage, exchanged at retailers or for other benefits. Card users may also make small purchases using the cards. Smart cards, used as transit passes, and integrated ticketing are used by many public transit operators. Smart cards are typically made of plastic, generally polyvinyl chloride, but sometimes polyethylene-terephthalate-based polyesters, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or polycarbonate.Communicates with external services through card-reading devices, such as ticket readers, ATMs, DIP reader, etc.Managed by an administration system, which securely interchanges information and configuration settings with the card, controlling card blacklisting and application-data updates.Contains a tamper-resistant security system (for example a secure cryptoprocessor and a secure file system) and provides security services (e.g., protects in-memory information).Both are 0.76 millimetres (0.030 in) thick. Another popular size is ID-000, which is nominally 25 by 15 millimetres (0.98 in × 0.59 in) (commonly used in SIM cards). ID-1 of the ISO/IEC 7810 standard defines cards as nominally 85.60 by 53.98 millimetres (3.37 in × 2.13 in). Dimensions similar to those of a credit card.

A smart card may have the following generic characteristics: